Tuufaatasi o ponaivi taliga

Fusion o taliga ponaivi o le tuʻufaʻatasia o ponaivi o le ogatotonu taliga. Nei o le incus, malleus, ma stapes ponaivi. O le tuʻufaʻatasia poʻo le faʻamaonia o ponaivi e tau atu ai i le faʻalogo, ona e le minoi ponaivi ma gatete i le tali atu i galu leo.

Autu fesoʻotaʻi aofia ai:

• Faamaʻi pipisi i taliga
• Otosclerosis
• Malformations taliga ogatotonu

• Anatomy taliga
• Sailiga faʻafomaʻi faʻavae i taliga anatomy

Fale JW, Cunningham CD. Otosclerosis. I totonu: Flint PW, Francis HW, Haughey BH, et al, eds. Cummings Otolaryngology: Taʻitaʻiga o le Ao ma le ua. 7th ed. Filatelefia, PA: Elsevier; 2021: mata 146.

O'Handley JG, Tobin EJ, Shah AR. Otorhinolaryngology. I: Rakel RE, Rakel DP, eds. Tusitusiga o Faʻafomaʻi Aiga. 9th ed. Filatelefia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: mata 18.

Prueter JC, Teasley RA, Backous DD. Iloiloga faʻafomaʻi ma togafitiga taʻotoga o le faʻaletonu o le faʻalogo. I totonu: Flint PW, Francis HW, Haughey BH, et al, eds. Cummings Otolaryngology: Taʻitaʻiga o le Ao ma le ua. 7th ed. Filatelefia, PA: Elsevier; 2021: mata 145.

Rivero A, Yoshikawa N. Otosclerosis. I totonu: Myers EN, Snyderman CH, eds. Faʻagaioiga Otolaryngology Ulu ma le ua o taotoga. 3rd ed. Filatelefia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: mata 133.