Oregano
Tusitala:
Virginia Floyd
Aso O Foafoaga:
11 Aukuso 2021
Faafouga Aso:
17 Novema 2024
Anotusi
Oregano o se vao ma laʻau-lanumeamata lau ma lanu viole fugalaʻau. E tupu 1-3 futu le maualuga ma e fesoʻotaʻi vavalalata ma mint, thyme, marjoram, basil, sage, ma lavender.Oregano e afua mai i le mafanafana sisifo ma sautesisifo Europa ma le itulagi Metitirani. Turkey o se tasi o sili ona tele auina atu i fafo o oregano. Ua tupu aʻe nei ile tele o konetineta ma lalo o tuʻutuʻuga eseese. Atunuʻu lauiloa mo le gaosia maualuga-lelei oregano suauʻu manaʻomia aofia Eleni, Isaraelu, ma Turkey.
I fafo atu o Amerika ma Europa, o laʻau e taʻua o "oregano" atonu o isi ituaiga o Origanum, poʻo isi tagata o le aiga o Lamiaceae.
Oregano e ave e le gutu manava manava manaʻo e pei o tale, maʻi sela, allergy, croup, ma bronchitis. E ave foi e le gutu mo faaletonu o le manava e pei o le ulu o le ulu, fulafula, ma papala. Oregano o loʻo aveina foi e le gutu mo tiga tiga o le toto masina, rheumatoid gugu, faaletonu ala urinary e aofia ai urinary tamaʻi pipisi (UTIs), ulu, maʻi suka, toto ina ua uma ona tosoina se nifo, fatu tulaga, ma maualuga kolisi.
O le suauʻu Oregano e faʻaoga i le paʻu mo paʻu tulaga e aofia ai fuafua, vae o tagata afeleti, dandruff, papala papala, utu, manuʻa, mama, rosacea, ma psoriasis; faʻapea foʻi ma le iniseti ma le spider e u ai, faʻamaʻi papala, tiga o nifo, maso ma soʻoga tiga, ma alatoto. Oregano suauʻu e faʻaogaina foi i le paʻu o se iniseti vailaʻau.
I meaʻai ma meainu, o le oregano e faʻaaogaina o se meaʻai e fai ai meaai ma se mea e faʻasao ai meaʻai.
Natura Faʻafomaʻi Maea Faʻamatalaga fua faatatau aoga faʻavae i luga o faʻasaienitisi faʻamaoniga e tusa ma le fua faʻatatau lenei: Aoga, Masalo Lelei Lelei, E Lelei Lelei, Masalo Lelei Lelei, Masalo Lelei, Le Lelei, ma Le lava Faʻamaoniga e Fuafua ai.
Le aoga togi mo OREGANO e faapea:
Le lava molimau e fuaina aoga mo ...
- Parasites i totonu o le manava. O ni suʻesuʻega vave na faʻaalia ai o le aveina o le 200 mg o se oloa gaosi o le lau o le oregano (ADP, Biotics Research Corporation, Rosenberg, Texas) e le fofoga faʻatolu i aso uma ma taumafataga mo le 6 vaiaso e mafai ona fasiotia ai ni ituaiga siama; Peitai, nei parasites masani ona le manaʻomia togafitiga faafomai.
- Faamalologa manuʻa. O suʻesuʻega amata e faʻapea o le faʻaogaina o se vaega o le oregano i le paʻu faʻalua i aso uma e oʻo atu i le 14 aso pe a maeʻa se laʻititi laʻititi paʻu e mafai ona faʻaititia ai le aʻafia o faʻamaʻi ma faʻamaʻimau ai maʻila.
- Fuafua.
- Allergies.
- Gugu.
- Asthma.
- Vae o tagata taalo.
- Faamai toto.
- Bronchitis.
- Mama.
- Valevale.
- Flu.
- Ulu ulu.
- Toto fatu.
- Kolisi maualuga.
- Fuafua ma le fulafula.
- Musele ma soʻoga tiga.
- Paʻu taimi tigā.
- Faʻamaʻi pipisi o le urinary tract (UTI).
- Vailaʻau vevela.
- Oona.
- Isi tulaga.
Oregano o loʻo iai ni vailaʻau e ono fesoasoani e faʻaititia ai le tale ma faʻasusu. Oregano mafai foi ona fesoasoani faʻasoʻoina e ala i le faʻateleina gaʻo tafe ma tau faasaga i nisi siama, siama, fungus, anufe manava, ma isi parasites.
Oregano lau ma oregano suauʻu o MAFAI ONA SAFIA pe a ave i aofaʻi masani ona maua i meaai. Oregano lau o MAFAI ONA SAFIA pe a ave e le gutu pe faʻaogaina i le paʻu talafeagai tatau o vailaʻau. O ni aʻafiaga agamalu e aofia ai le manava o le manava. Oregano ono mafua ai foi le afaina i tagata o loʻo i ai le allergy i laʻau i le aiga o Lamiaceae. Oregano suauʻu e le tatau ona faʻaaogaina i le paʻu i faʻasologa sili atu nai lo le 1% ona o lenei ono mafua ai itaita.
Lapataiga faʻapitoa & lapataʻiga:
Maitaga ma susu-fafagaina: Oregano o E L MAFAI ONA FUA pe a ave e le gutu i vailaʻau aofaʻi i taimi o maʻito. E i ai le popolega o le avea oregano i aofaiga tele atu nai lo meaai aofaʻi ono mafua ai le maʻitaga. E le lava faʻamatalaga faʻatuatuaina e uiga i le saogalemu o le aveina o le oregano pe afai o lo oe fafagaina susu.Tumau i le itu saogalemu ma aloese mai le faʻaaogaina.Faamai toto: Oregano ono faʻateleina le ono maua o le toto i tagata e maua ile faʻamaʻi toto.
Allergies: Oregano mafai mafua mafua ai lagona i tagata le fiafia i Lamiaceae aiga toto, aofia ai basil, hyssop, lavender, marjoram, mint, ma le poto.
Maʻi suka: Oregano ono tuʻu i lalo le toto suka tulaga. Tagata e maua ile maʻi suka e tatau ona faʻaaoga ma le faʻaeteete.
Taotoga: Oregano ono faʻateleina le ono maua i le toto. Tagata e faʻaaogaina le oregano e tatau ona taofi le 2 vaiaso ae leʻi faia se taotoga.
- Feololo
- Faʻaeteete i lenei tuʻufaʻatasiga.
- Vailaau mo le suka (Antidiabetes vailaʻau)
- Oregano ono faʻaititia le suka suka. O vailaʻau suka e faʻaaogaina e tuʻu ai i lalo le suka i le toto. I le teori, o le inuina o vailaʻau mo le maʻi suka ma le oregano e ono mafua ai ona maualalo maualalo lou suka suka. Vaʻai toto lau suka ile toto. O le fualaʻau o au vailaʻau suka e tatau ona suia.
O vailaʻau e faʻaaoga mo le maʻisuka e aofia ai le glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), inisalini, metformin (Glucophage), pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), ma isi .. - Vailaau e faʻagesegese le faʻaputuputu o le toto (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet vailaʻau)
- Oregano ono faʻatelegese le tolo o le toto. I le teori, o le inuina o le oregano faʻatasi ai ma vailaʻau e mafai ai foi ona tuai le faʻaputuputuina e ono faʻateleina ai le avanoa o le totolia ma le palapala.
O vailaʻau e faʻatelegese ai le tui ole toto e iai le aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), dabigatran (Pradaxa), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), ma isi ..
- Apamemea
- Oregano ono faʻalavelave i le faʻaaogaina o le kopa. Faʻaaogaina oregano faʻatasi ai ma le kopa ono faʻaititia ai le mitiia o le 'apa.
- Laʻau ma mea faʻaopopo e mafai ona tuʻu ifo i lalo le suka i le toto
- Oregano ono tuʻu i lalo le suka suka. I le teori, o le aveina o oregano faʻatasi ai ma fualaʻau ma mea faʻaopopo e faʻapipiʻi ai foi le suka i le toto e ono faʻaititia ai le suka suka i le maualuga. O ni fualaʻau ma mea faʻaopopo e ono tuʻu i lalo le suka i le toto e aofia ai le alpha-lipoic acid, melon oona, chromium, matiuʻi a le tiapolo, fenugreek, kaliki, gum gum, solofanua chestnut, Panax ginseng, psyllium, Siberian ginseng, ma isi
- Laʻau ma mea faʻaopopo e ono faʻatelegese ai le faʻaputuputu o le toto
- Faʻaaogaina oregano faʻatasi ai ma fualaʻau e mafai ona faʻatelegeseina le tui toto e ono faʻatuputeleina ai le ono afaina o le toto i nisi tagata. O nei vailaʻau aofia ai angelica, clove, danshen, kaliki, ginger, ginkgo, Panax ginseng, solofanua chestnut, lanumumu mumu, turmeric, ma isi.
- Uʻamea
- Oregano ono faʻalavelave i le faʻaaogaina o le uʻamea. Faʻaaogaina oregano faʻatasi ma le uʻamea ono faʻaititia ai le mitiia o le uʻamea.
- Metala paʻepaʻe
- Oregano ono faʻalavelave i le faʻaaogaina o le zinc. Faʻaaogaina oregano faʻatasi ai ma le metala paʻepaʻe ono faʻaititia ai le mitiia o le metala paʻepaʻe.
- E leai ni fesoʻotaʻiga iloa ma meaʻai.
Ina ia aoao atili e uiga i le auala na tusia ai lenei tusitusiga, faʻamolemole vaʻai i le Natura Faʻafomaʻi Maea Faʻamatalaga metotia
- Teixeira B, Marques A, Ramos C, et al. Vailaʻau vailaʻau ma bioactivity o eseʻese oregano (Origanum vulgare) otoʻotoga ma suauʻu taua. J Sci Food Agric 2013; 93: 2707-14. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Fournomiti M, Kimbaris A, Mantzourani I, et al. Gaioiga antimicrobial o mea taua suauʻu o totoina oregano (Origanum vulgare), poto (Salvia officinalis), ma thyme (Thymus vulgaris) faasaga i tuʻufaʻatasi falemaʻi o Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, ma Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2015; 26: 23289. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Dahiya P, Purkayastha S. Phytochemical siakiina ma antimicrobial gaioiga o nisi vailaʻau vailaʻau faasaga i tele-vailaʻau teteʻe siama mai falemaʻi vavae ese. Initia J Pharm Sci 2012; 74: 443-50. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Lukas B, Schmiderer C, Novak J. Eseese suauʻu taua o Europa Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae). Phytochemistry 2015; 119: 32-40. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Singletary K. Oregano: aotelega o tusitusiga i penefiti soifua maloloina. Meaʻai i aso nei 2010; 45: 129-38.
- Klement, A. A., Fedorova, Z. D., Volkova, S. D., Egorova, L. V., ma Shul'kina, N. M. [Faʻaaogaina o se vailaʻau totoina o Origanum i hemofilia tagata mamaʻi i taimi o tosoina nifo]. Probl.Gematol.Pereliv.Krovi. 1978;: 25-28. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Ragi, J., Pappert, A., Rao, B., Havkin-Frenkel, D., ma Milgraum, S. Oregano aveese le vailaau mo le faʻamaloloina o manuʻa: o se randomized, lua-tauaso, petrolatum-pulea suesuega iloiloina lelei. J.Drugs Dermatol. 2011; 10: 1168-1172. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Preuss, HG, Echard, B., Dadgar, A., Talpur, N., Manohar, V., Enig, M., Bagchi, D., ma Ingram, C. Aafiaga o Aoga Taua ma Monolaurin i Staphylococcus aureus: I Vitro ma I Vivo Suesuega. Toxicol.Mech.Methods 2005; 15: 279-285. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- De Martino, L., De, Feo, V, Formisano, C., Mignola, E., ma Senatore, F. Vailaʻau vailaʻau ma antimicrobial gaioiga o le taua suauʻu mai tolu chemotypes o Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart o loʻo olaola vao i Campania (Italia i Saute). Molecules. 2009; 14: 2735-2746. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Ozdemir, B., Ekbul, A., Topal, NB, Sarandol, E., Sag, S., Baser, KH, Cordan, J., Gullulu, S., Tuncel, E., Baran, I., ma Aydinlar , A. Aʻafiaga o Origanum onites i luga o le endothelial function and serum biochemical markers i hyperlipidaemic tagata mamaʻi. J Int Med Res 2008; 36: 1326-1334. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Baser, K. H. Biological ma vailaʻau gaioiga o carvacrol ma carvacrol o loʻo iai ni suauʻu taua. Curr.Farm.Des 2008; 14: 3106-3119. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Hawas, U. W., El Desoky, S. K., Kawashty, S. A., ma Sharaf, M. Lua flavonoids fou mai Origanum vulgare. Nat.Prod.Res 2008; 22: 1540-1543. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Nurmi, A., Mursu, J., Nurmi, T., Nyyssonen, K., Alfthan, G., Hiltunen, R., Kaikkonen, J., Salonen, JT, ma Voutilainen, S. Faʻaogaina o sua na faamalosia i le oregano. upu faʻateleina faʻateleina excretion o phenolic acid ae leai se puʻupuʻu ma taimi umi aʻafiaga i luga o le lipid peroxidation i maloloina soifua maloloina tamaloloa. J Agric.Faia o Vailaʻau. 8-9-2006; 54: 5790-5796. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Koukoulitsa, C., Karioti, A., Bergonzi, M. C., Pescitelli, G., Di Bari, L., ma Skaltsa, H. Polar constituents mai vaalele ea Origanum vulgare L. Ssp. o loʻo olaola vao i Eleni. J Agric.Faia o Vailaʻau. 7-26-2006; 54: 5388-5392. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Rodriguez-Meizoso, I., Marin, F. R., Herrero, M., Senorans, F. J., Reglero, G., Cifuentes, A., ma Ibanez, E. Subcritical suavai suavai o nutritionals ma antioxidant gaoioiga mai oregano. Vailaau ma faʻatinoga faʻatinoina. J Pharm.Biomed.Anal. 8-28-2006; 41: 1560-1565. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Shan, B., Cai, Y. Z., Sun, M., ma Corke, H. Antioxidant gafatia o 26 spice extract ma faʻailogaina o latou phenolic constituents. J Agric.Faia o Vailaʻau. 10-5-2005; 53: 7749-7759. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- McCue, P., Vattem, D., ma Shetty, K. Faʻalavelaveina aafiaga o clonal oregano extracts faasaga i porcine pancreatic amylase in vitro. Asia Pac.J Clin.Nutr. 2004; 13: 401-408. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Lemhadri, A., Zeggwagh, N. A., Maghrani, M., Jouad, H., ma Eddouks, M. Aneti-hyperglycaemic gaioiga o le aqueous otoʻoto o Origanum vulgare ola vao i le Tafilalet itulagi. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 92 (2-3): 251-256. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Nostro, A., Blanco, AR, Cannatelli, MA, Enea, V., Flamini, G., Morelli, I., Sudano, Roccaro A., ma Alonzo, V. Faʻaalia o le methicillin-resistant staphylococci i le oregano taua o le suauʻu, carvacrol ma thymol. FEMS Microbiol.Lett. 1-30-2004; 230: 191-195. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Goun, E., Cunningham, G., Solodnikov, S., Krasnykch, O., ma Miles, H. Antithrombin gaioiga a nisi o itumalo mai Origanum vulgare. Fitoterapia 2002; 73 (7-8): 692-694. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Manohar, V., Ingram, C., Gray, J., Talpur, N. A., Echard, B. W., Bagchi, D., ma Preuss, H. G. Antifungal gaoioiga o le suauʻu afanum e faasaga i Candida albicans. Mol.Cell Biochem. 2001; 228 (1-2): 111-117. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Lambert, R. J., Skandamis, P. N., Coote, P. J., ma Nychas, G. J. O se suʻesuʻega o le laʻititi faʻatapulaʻaina faʻamalosiʻau ma le faiga o gaioiga o oregano taua suauʻu, thymol ma carvacrol. J Appl.Microbiol. 2001; 91: 453-462. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Ultee, A., Kets, E. P., Alberda, M., Hoekstra, F. A., ma Smid, E. J. Fetuunaiga o le pathogen Bacillus cereus na maua i meaai i carvacrol. Arch.Microbiol. 2000; 174: 233-238. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Tampieri, M. P., Galuppi, R., Macchioni, F., Carelle, M. S., Falcioni, L., Cioni, P. L., ma Morelli, I. O le taofiofia o Candida albicans e ala i suauʻu taua filifilia ma a latou vaega taua. Mycopathologia 2005; 159: 339-345. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Tognolini, M., Barocelli, E., Ballabeni, V., Bruni, R., Bianchi, A., Chiavarini, M., ma Impicciatore, M. Faʻatusatusaga faʻatusatusaga o laʻau taua laʻau: phenylpropanoid lagona faʻavae e avea ma autu autu mo antiplatelet gaoioiga . Olaga Sci. 2-23-2006; 78: 1419-1432. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Futrell, J. M. ma Rietschel, R. L. Spice allergy iloiloina e ala i faʻaiuga o patch patch. Cutis 1993; 52: 288-290. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Irkin, R. ma Korukluoglu, M. O le tuputupu aʻe faʻatamaia o siama pathogenic ma nisi fefete e ala i le filifilia o suauʻu taua ma ola o L. monocytogenes ma C. albicans i le apu-karoti sua. Mea e Fananau ai Meaai. Pathog. 2009; 6: 387-394. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Tantaoui-Elaraki, A. ma Beraoud, L. Faʻalavelaveina o le tuputupu aʻe ma le gaosiga o le aflatoxin i le Aspergillus parasalty e suauʻu taua o mea totō filifilia. J Environ.Pathol.Toxicol Oncol. 1994; 13: 67-72. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Inouye, S., Nishiyama, Y., Uchida, K., Hasumi, Y., Yamaguchi, H., ma Abe, S. O le gaioiga gaioiga o oregano, perilla, lauti lavender, clove, ma geranium suauʻu faasaga i le Trichophyton mentagrophytes i totonu o se pusa tapunia. J Faʻamaʻi. 2006; 12: 349-354. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Friedman, M., Henika, P. R., Levin, C. E., ma Mandrell, R. E. Antibacterial gaioiga o laʻau taua gaina ma a latou vaega faʻasaga ia Escherichia coli O157: H7 ma Salmonella enterica i apu sua. J Agric.Faia o Vailaʻau. 9-22-2004; 52: 6042-6048. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Burt, S. A. ma Reinders, R. D. Antibacterial gaioiga o laʻau filifilia filifilia laʻau faʻasaga ia Escherichia coli O157: H7. Lett.Appl.Microbiol. 2003; 36: 162-167. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Elgayyar, M., Draughon, F. A., Golden, D. A., ma le Mauga, J. R. Antimicrobial gaioiga o mea taua suauʻu mai laʻau faʻasaga i filifilia microorganism pathogenic ma saprophytic. J Meaai Prot. 2001; 64: 1019-1024. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Brune, M., Rossander, L., ma Hallberg, L. Uʻamea mitiia ma phenolic compound: taua o eseese phenolic fausaga. Eur.J Clin Nutr 1989; 43: 547-557. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Ciganda C, ma Laborde A. Herbal infusions na faʻaaogaina mo le faʻamalosia o maʻitaga. J Toxicol.Clin Toxicol. 2003; 41: 235-239. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Vimalanathan S, Hudson J. Aneti-fulū siama gaioiga o pisinisi oregano suauʻu ma latou feaveaia. J App Pharma Sci 2012; 2: 214.
- Chevallier A. Encyclopedia of Vailaau Faʻafomaʻi. 2nd ed. Niu Ioka, NY: DK Publ, Inc., 2000.
- Malosiaga M, Sparks WS, Ronzio RA. Puipuia o enterite parasites e emulsified suauʻu o oregano i vivo. Phytother Res 2000: 14: 213-4. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Tulafono faaeletoroni o tulafono a le malo tele. Ulutala 21. Vaega 182 - O vailaʻau e masani lava ona amanaʻia e sefe. Avanoa i: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
- Ultee A, Gorris LG, Smid EJ. Gaioiga ole bakteria ole carvacrol agai ile meaʻai na maua i le Bacillus cereus. J Appl Microbiol 1998; 85: 211-8. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Benito M, Jorro G, Morales C, et al. Labiatae allergy: gaioiga faʻasolosolo ona o le taumafaina o oregano ma thyme. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1996; 76: 416-8. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Akgul A, Kivanc M. Faʻalavelave faʻafitauli o filifilia Turkey mea manogi ma oregano vaega i luga o nisi meaʻai fafagaina fafagaina. Int J Food Microbiol 1988; 6: 263-8. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Kivanc M, Akgul A, Dogan A. Faʻalavelaveina ma faʻamalosia aafiaga o kumina, oregano ma a latou suauʻu taua i le tuputupu aʻe ma le gaosiga o acid o Lactobacillus plantarum ma Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Int J Food Microbiol 1991; 13: 81-5. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Rodriguez M, Alvarez M, Zayas M. [Microbiological lelei o mea manogi na faʻaumatia i Cuba]. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1991; 33: 149-51.
- Zava DT, Dollbaum CM, Blen M. Estrogen ma progestin olaola o meaʻai, herbs, ma mea manogi. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998; 217: 369-78. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Dorman HJ, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents mai laʻau: gaioiga faʻavaʻa o laʻau o loʻo magoto fualaʻau. J Appl Microbiol 2000; 88: 308-16. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Daferera DJ, Ziogas BN, Polissiou MG. GC-MS auiliiliina o suauʻu taua mai ni laʻau manogi Eleni ma a latou fungitoxicity luga Penicillium digitatum. Le J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48: 2576-81. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Braverman Y, Chizov-Ginzburg A. O le faʻaaogaina o sauniuniga gaosia ma laʻau toto mo Culicoides imicola. Med Vet Entomol 1997; 11: 355-60. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Gaioiga antimicrobial o mea taua suauʻu ma isi laʻau faʻasolosolo. J Appl Microbiol 1999; 86: 985-90. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Ultee A, Kets EP, Smid EJ. Faiga o gaioiga o carvacrol i luga o le meaai-maua ai pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65: 4606-10. Vaʻai faʻamatala.
- Brinker F. Herb Contraindications ma Vailaau Faʻafesoʻotaʻi. 2nd ed. Sandy, PO: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
- Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR mo Vailaau Faʻavaʻa. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.
- McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, lomiga. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Saoga Tusitaulima. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
- Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia o Masani Mea Lautele Faʻaaoga i Meaʻai, Fualaʻau ma teuteuga. 2nd ed. Niu Ioka, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.